J. R. R. Tolkien was an English writer and philologist who studied Old English and medieval literature at the University of Oxford.
Building his own world from Norse mythology and old legends, he published The Hobbit (1937) and The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955). His portrayals of noble, beautiful elves, bearded master-smith dwarves and evil goblins (orcs) laid the foundation for the images of later fantasy novels and games.